Layer 1 and layer 2 networks
460 companies in this category
Showing 433-456 of 460 companies
MegaETH is an Ethereum Layer 2 blockchain built for real-time performance, targeting over 100,000 transactions per second, sub-10-millisecond block times, and more than 10 gigagas per second of throughput while settling on Ethereum. Its core technical differentiator is a purpose-built execution architecture that keeps authentication state in RAM via a system called SALT (Small Authentication Large Trie), eliminating disk I/O bottlenecks that constrain conventional EVM chains. The network is designed for developers and applications requiring high-frequency, low-latency on-chain interactions, including DeFi protocols, gaming, and real-time consumer apps. MegaETH has a native token and stablecoin (USDm, issued in partnership with Ethena), and the project is backed by tier-1 venture investors. The team is led by co-founders including chief strategy officer Namik Muduroglu.
MetrixCoin (MRX) is a Proof-of-Stake blockchain project built on a QTUM-based chain, designed to serve as a digital payment currency with utility-focused applications. The network features 90-second block times, an approximately 10% staking return, and a Decentralized Governance Protocol (DGP) that allows on-chain parameter changes via community voting. Core products include Altitude, a lightweight Electron-based desktop wallet, and MyStakingWallet, a mobile staking application available on Android and iOS. The project also issues a wrapped token (MRXB) on Binance Smart Chain, broadening its cross-chain reach. MetrixCoin targets both individual holders seeking staking rewards and merchants seeking a straightforward crypto payment processing solution.
Miden is a blockchain network that implements zero-knowledge proof technology to enable client-side transaction execution rather than centralized network processing. The architecture supports both public and private transactions through zero-knowledge proofs, allowing developers to configure data visibility at a granular level. The protocol incorporates post-quantum cryptographic primitives to provide security against potential quantum computing threats. Core components include mechanisms for programmable privacy and transaction throughput optimization suitable for financial applications. The system is designed to serve institutional finance and decentralized finance use cases with compliance considerations.
Movement Network is a Layer 1 blockchain built on the MoveVM virtual machine, designed to give developers a scalable, secure platform for building decentralized applications using the Move programming language. The network differentiates itself through Move's safety guarantees and expressiveness compared to EVM-based chains, targeting DeFi builders and app developers seeking a more secure smart contract environment. Its ecosystem includes native staking via gMOVE liquid staking, a cross-chain bridge, a native USDC-backed stablecoin (USDCx), and integrations with DeFi protocols such as lending and liquidity platforms. The network is governed by the Movement Network Foundation, with Move Industries serving as the core contributor; the native token is MOVE.
Neptune Cash is a Layer-1 proof-of-work blockchain designed for privacy-preserving peer-to-peer transactions. The system integrates zero-knowledge STARKs at the protocol level rather than as an application layer feature. Its core technical architecture centers on the Mutator Set primitive, which enables private transactions while maintaining scalability without compromising proof succinctness. The protocol incorporates post-quantum secure cryptography throughout its stack. Neptune Cash supports private smart contracts through an arbitrary-logic prover, functioning as both a privacy-focused transaction system and a programmable platform.
The Nervos Network is a modular blockchain ecosystem architected to resolve the fundamental trade-offs between scalability, security, and decentralization. By utilizing a dual-layer structure, the network separates its foundational layer, the Common Knowledge Base (CKB), from high-performance computation layers. The CKB serves as a secure, Proof-of-Work settlement layer optimized for asset preservation, while diverse Layer 2 solutions manage transaction execution. This design enables the network to support millions of transactions per second through various scaling protocols without compromising the integrity of its base layer.
Obscuro Labs is a development team that created TEN, an Ethereum Layer 2 network designed to implement transaction-level encryption through Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). The protocol encrypts transaction data to prevent public visibility of smart contract execution while maintaining compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). TEN operates as a confidentiality-focused scaling solution that processes transactions within secure hardware enclaves, allowing encrypted state transitions and contract interactions. The architecture leverages TEE technology to separate transaction visibility from network participants while preserving the ability to verify execution correctness. The system maintains Ethereum compatibility, enabling existing smart contracts and tools to function within the encrypted execution environment.
OPCAT Labs operates the OP_CAT Layer, a Bitcoin-native Layer 2 execution environment that enables smart contracts, trustless BTC bridging, and token standards through the OP_CAT opcode. The protocol is merge-mined with Bitcoin and employs quantum-resistant architecture, functioning as an execution layer rather than a sidechain or federated system. The ecosystem comprises several integrated components: a Chrome-based wallet (Catena), a BTC bridge for asset transfers, an automated market maker modeled on Uniswap V2 (SatSwap), a token launch platform (CatGo), and an NFT marketplace (Ordbit). All transactions settle using BTC-denominated gas fees. The system is designed for Bitcoin developers and DeFi participants requiring smart contract functionality while maintaining Bitcoin's security model.
Peercoin (ticker: PPC) is a proof-of-stake blockchain that launched in 2012, making it one of the earliest cryptocurrencies and the originator of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism as an alternative to Bitcoin's proof-of-work. The protocol combines proof-of-stake for security with an optional proof-of-work mining layer, and is designed around a low-inflation economic model intended for long-term sustainability. Peercoin is governed and supported by the Peercoin Foundation, a non-profit entity that coordinates development, documentation, and community resources. The project targets users and developers seeking an energy-efficient, decentralized base-layer blockchain, and the coin is tradeable on third-party exchanges with a wrapped version available for use in other ecosystems.
Pirate Chain is a privacy-focused Layer 1 cryptocurrency (ticker: ARRR) that enforces shielded transactions by default using zk-SNARKs technology derived from the Zcash protocol, built on the Komodo ecosystem. Unlike privacy coins that offer optional shielding, Pirate Chain mandates that all transactions use its shielded address pool, which it claims produces one of the largest anonymity sets of any privacy coin. The project provides a full-node wallet, mobile wallets, a lite wallet, and a paper wallet, alongside mining support and exchange listings. It is a community-driven, open-source project with no identified corporate HQ, operating as a decentralized network with governance and funding handled through community crowdfunding.
PIVX is a privacy-focused, Proof of Stake Layer 1 blockchain that launched in 2016 as a fork of Dash, with its native token also ticker-named PIVX. The protocol features an optional privacy layer called SHIELD, built on the zk-SNARKs-based Sapling protocol, allowing users to conduct shielded transactions while retaining the choice of transparent transfers. Additional technical features include cold staking, masternodes, and a decentralized on-chain governance system that allows token holders to vote on budget proposals. PIVX targets privacy-conscious individuals and developers seeking a community-governed, low-fee digital currency, and operates as a decentralized, DAO-style project with no formal corporate headquarters.
Polymesh is a public permissioned layer-1 blockchain built specifically for regulated real-world assets and security tokens. Unlike general-purpose blockchains, it embeds compliance requirements such as identity verification, asset issuance rules, and confidentiality features directly into the protocol layer. The network is governed by the Polymesh Association, a Switzerland-based nonprofit, and uses POLYX as its native utility token for staking, governance, and transaction fees. It targets institutional issuers, asset managers, and regulated financial entities seeking to tokenize securities and other real-world assets on-chain with built-in regulatory controls.
QANplatform is a hybrid Layer 1 blockchain that combines quantum-resistant security with EVM compatibility. The platform enables developers to write smart contracts in multiple programming languages rather than being restricted to a single language. Its core technical architecture uses lattice-based cryptography, designed to resist attacks from quantum computers. The QAN XLINK cross-chain component has undergone security audit by Hacken. The platform implements a Proof of Pseudo Randomness consensus algorithm, which reduces energy consumption compared to proof-of-work systems. QANplatform provides testnet access and development tooling for Web3 application deployment, serving both individual developers and enterprise clients.
QuarkChain is a fully decentralized Layer 2 blockchain network positioning itself as a 'Super World Computer' built for AI applications and decentralized apps. Its technical differentiators include Parallel EVM execution for higher throughput, a Soul Gas Token system (non-transferable gas tokens that lower onboarding friction for new users), and integration with EthStorage as an L3 layer to reduce on-chain storage costs to roughly 1/10,000th of Ethereum mainnet costs at petabyte-scale capacity. The platform also implements the web3:// access protocol (ERC-4804/ERC-6860) to enable fully on-chain frontends without reliance on centralized servers or DNS. QuarkChain targets developers building dApps and AI-adjacent on-chain infrastructure, and the team actively publishes EVM performance research including work on Block-Level Access Lists and parallel I/O optimization.
Rialo is a Layer 1 blockchain network developed by Subzero Labs. The system is designed to support high-throughput transaction processing with configurable privacy features for financial applications. Its technical architecture incorporates threshold multiparty computation for secure distributed computation, identity-based encryption for access control, deterministic gas fee mechanisms, a native cross-chain bridge, self-serve oracle infrastructure, and an autonomous transaction scheduler. These components are intended to reduce development friction for teams transitioning from traditional Web2 software environments. The network remains in pre-launch phase with early access available through a waitlist program.
Shielded Labs is a Switzerland-based organization that develops and supports the Zcash (ZEC) blockchain network. The organization is funded through direct contributions from ZEC holders and supporters rather than through the Zcash Development Fund or block rewards. Its active projects include NSM (network sustainability mechanism), Crosslink (a protocol that bridges proof-of-work and proof-of-stake consensus models), and Dynamic Fees for the Zcash network. The organization's work addresses network sustainability, security, and scalability improvements for the Zcash protocol.
Sonic Labs operates Sonic, a high-performance EVM-compatible Layer-1 blockchain designed for high throughput, fast confirmation times, and low transaction costs. The network is built around two core components: SonicVM, an execution environment compatible with Solidity and Vyper, and SonicDB, a storage layer optimized to reduce latency and hardware requirements. Sonic includes a native bridge, Sonic Gateway, which has undergone audits by OpenZeppelin, Certora, and Quantstamp. It also features a Fee Monetization program that allows developers to earn a share of the fees generated by their applications. The ecosystem includes USSD, a stablecoin backed by U.S. Treasuries, as well as an Innovator Fund and an airdrop program for the native S token.
Splendor is an EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain that implements a parallel execution engine and Enhanced Proof of Authority (PoA+) consensus mechanism. The protocol includes native x402 micropayment support for pay-per-use service settlement without additional middleware layers. The blockchain architecture comprises a core consensus layer, execution engine for transaction processing, and integrated micropayment functionality. Key components include the parallel execution system for transaction throughput, the PoA+ consensus for block validation, and the x402 protocol for micropayment handling. Additional products built on the infrastructure include a private AI studio featuring wallet-native authentication and a model marketplace accessible through the same blockchain layer.
Strium is a purpose-built Layer 1 blockchain designed specifically for trading tokenized securities and real-world assets (RWAs) at institutional scale. It provides blockchain-native exchange infrastructure supporting 24/7 spot and perpetuals markets across equities, commodities, and macro-linked instruments, with real-time settlement and continuous price discovery. The project is backed by SBI Holdings and Startale, positioning it as foundational infrastructure for Asia's onchain securities markets with ambitions for global capital market participation. Announced in February 2026, Strium is pre-launch with a testnet waitlist open, differentiating itself from retrofitted crypto platforms by being engineered from the ground up for regulated, securities-linked trading.
Tempo is a specialized Layer 1 blockchain engineered specifically for global payments and stablecoin settlement. Developed through a strategic partnership between Stripe and Paradigm, the network is designed to handle high-throughput financial applications, achieving over 100,000 transactions per second with sub-second finality. Unlike general-purpose blockchains, Tempo utilizes dedicated payment lanes to ensure consistent performance and low costs, even during periods of high network activity. Its architecture is optimized for real-world enterprise use cases, ranging from e-commerce transactions to complex corporate treasury management.
Unipoly Chain is a Layer 1 blockchain platform built around GameFi and Web3 use cases, featuring a native DEX, decentralized digital banking (lending, borrowing, savings, payments), and an AI-assisted smart contract and token creation tool. The chain operates with zero gas fees and includes a suite of consumer-facing products: UniTribe (social), UniTube (video), Kuki Games (gaming), UniHunt, Creator Studio, and Gabby Birds. Its native token UNP is listed on MEXC and supports staking, on-chain agreements, and a growth vault product. Developer tooling includes a block explorer, wallet, on-chain database, and developer documentation.
Unto Labs is a company developing Thru, a Layer 1 blockchain architecture designed to achieve high throughput and scalability by applying distributed systems engineering principles from high-performance computing environments to blockchain consensus and execution mechanisms. The system incorporates techniques for parallel processing and optimized resource allocation to address performance constraints present in existing Layer 1 architectures. Developer documentation and a platform website are available, indicating the project is in an active development phase with testnet or pre-mainnet infrastructure operational.
Vanar Chain is a Layer 1 blockchain infrastructure designed to support artificial intelligence workloads in decentralized applications. The system employs a five-layer architecture intended to integrate AI capabilities into Web3 applications, enabling functionality that can learn and adapt based on input and usage patterns. The platform provides several core components: Neutron and Kayon (technical modules for the infrastructure), a staking mechanism, a native token (VANRY), and a block explorer for transaction visibility. Additional offerings include developer tools and educational resources for ecosystem participants. The infrastructure targets developers and projects building decentralized applications that require AI integration. The native token is available on multiple cryptocurrency exchanges.
Vara Network is a Web3 application platform built as an L1 blockchain, designed to host and run decentralized applications with features like gasless and signless transactions, persistent memory, and asynchronous parallel processing. Its architecture uses an Actor Model for inter-program messaging, enabling complex dApp logic without the friction typical of EVM-based chains. The platform also offers Vara.eth, a bridgeless integration layer connecting Vara to Ethereum liquidity, currently in testnet. Developers can build smart contracts in Rust using the Sails framework, and an agentic development toolkit allows AI agents to scaffold and deploy full dApps. The project appears to be a foundation-level protocol rather than a specific application built on another chain.
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