Layer 1 and layer 2 networks
460 companies in this category
Showing 409-432 of 460 companies
DigiByte is an open-source, decentralized UTXO blockchain created in late 2013 and launched in early 2014, operating with no central company or CEO and funded entirely by its volunteer community rather than an ICO or premine. The protocol uses five cryptographic mining algorithms alongside real-time difficulty adjustment via DigiShield, and the Odocrypt algorithm that rotates every 10 days to resist ASIC centralization. Blocks are produced every 15 seconds, making it roughly 40 times faster than Bitcoin, with SegWit enabling high transaction throughput at negligible fees. Beyond its native DGB currency, the platform supports DigiAssets for tokenizing real-world assets, smart contracts, decentralized applications, and Digi-ID for secure, blockchain-based authentication. It is a community-driven, globally distributed project with no identifiable legal headquarters.
Enya Labs is the core development contributor to Boba Network, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution built on the Optimistic Rollup architecture. The company developed HybridCompute, a technology that bridges off-chain Web2 data sources with on-chain smart contracts and decentralized applications, enabling use cases across DeFi, NFT, GameFi, and SocialFi verticals. Boba Network's native token is BOBA, and the protocol targets developers building dApps that require real-world data connectivity alongside the throughput and cost benefits of an L2.
FAIR is a Layer 1 blockchain built around a consensus mechanism called Proof-of-Encryption, which uses the BITE (Blockchain Integrated Threshold Encryption) protocol to encrypt transactions before consensus and decrypt them only after finalization. This design is intended to eliminate MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) exploits such as front-running and sandwich attacks at the protocol level rather than as an application-layer patch. The chain runs a C++-based parallelized EVM with instant finality, maintaining Solidity tooling compatibility while adding native privacy features aimed at AI agents and institutional DeFi users. FAIR is also integrated with the SKALE ecosystem: SKALE Manager is planned to migrate from Ethereum to FAIR, SKL holders will receive a portion of FAIR's native token supply, and SKL burning is planned as a mechanism to run validator nodes on the network.
Fluent is an Ethereum Layer 2 blockchain implemented using zkRollup technology. It features a multi-virtual machine architecture that enables smart contracts written in EVM, SVM, and WebAssembly (Wasm) bytecode to execute on a single chain. Developers can deploy Solidity, Rust, and other Wasm-compatible programs natively without requiring bridges or separate execution environments. The system includes a primitive called Prints designed for on-chain reputation integration. Fluent operates a public testnet and provides developer tooling, documentation, and code repositories through the fluentlabs-xyz GitHub organization.
Fogo is an SVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain built specifically for high-frequency trading and capital markets use cases. It runs a custom Firedancer client called Fogo Core, achieving 40ms block times and 1.3-second confirmation finality. Validators are colocated with major exchanges in New York, Tokyo, and London to minimize latency, and the chain offers gasless transactions via a sign-once model with MEV protections against front-running. The ecosystem includes a block explorer (Fogoscan), a points/rewards program (Fogo Flames), and a suite of trading applications being built on the L1.
Fractal Bitcoin is a Bitcoin scaling network that extends the Bitcoin codebase to enable faster block times and greater throughput while preserving Bitcoin-native primitives such as UTXO accounting, Ordinals, and BRC-20 tokens. The protocol uses recursive Bitcoin instances rather than a separate virtual machine, allowing developers to deploy applications that inherit Bitcoin's security model without forking the base layer. It is backed by UniSat, the open-source Bitcoin Ordinals wallet provider, and its native token is FB. The ecosystem includes an AMM DEX called InSwap, a block explorer via Uniscan, UTXO-based farming, and a gaming platform called SatWorld, all built natively on the Fractal chain.
Fuse is an EVM-compatible Layer-2 blockchain network designed to enable businesses to integrate Web3 payments and financial services. The network offers a suite of tools including staking, a cross-chain bridge, and a Safe-based asset management interface. Its developer-facing products include FuseBox (Web3 integration SDK), Edison AI Agent, and a gaming platform, alongside a grants program called Ignite for ecosystem funding.
GateChain is an EVM-compatible Layer-1 blockchain network developed within the Gate.io ecosystem. The network facilitates decentralized applications and digital asset transfers through a proprietary GateMint consensus mechanism that provides real-time block confirmation and eliminates rollback risk. The architecture includes Gate Layer, a scaling layer built on top of GateChain, to support increased transaction throughput. The network provides developer infrastructure including public RPC endpoints, a block explorer (GateScan), a faucet for testnet tokens, and validator node infrastructure. GT (GateToken) functions as the native token, used for staking, transaction fees, and governance participation. The ecosystem includes Gate Wallet for asset management and cross-chain swap functionality for interoperability with other blockchain networks.
Gigachain is a Layer 1 blockchain protocol built around trustless parallel execution, a design intended to overcome the throughput limitations of sequential transaction processing common to most existing blockchains. The core technical differentiator is its approach to parallelizing transaction execution without sacrificing trustlessness, distinguishing it from other parallel execution attempts that rely on optimistic or centralized coordination. The project was incubated by the Telos Foundation and includes an incentive program for wallets that stake TLOS tokens, reflecting its roots in the Telos ecosystem. The team includes engineers and advisors with backgrounds at Polygon, Consensys, Avail, IOHK, and Telos, with expertise spanning zero-knowledge proofs, cryptography, DeFi, and interoperability.
Grin is an open-source, privacy-preserving cryptocurrency launched in January 2019, built on the MimbleWimble blockchain protocol. It features no visible amounts or addresses, trivial transaction aggregation, and a linear emission schedule of 1 GRIN per second, designed to produce a fair coin distribution without an ICO, pre-mine, or founder's reward. The protocol uses MimbleWimble's cryptographic properties to prune historical transaction data from the chain, keeping storage requirements manageable over time. Grin is GPU-minable and ASIC-resistant by design, targeting individual miners and privacy-conscious users seeking censorship-resistant digital cash. The project is maintained by a globally distributed group of volunteer developers and funded entirely through community donations, with no controlling company, foundation, or individual.
Groestlcoin (GRS) is a proof-of-work cryptocurrency launched on 22 March 2014, built around the Groestl hashing algorithm originally designed for low-power and GPU-friendly mining. The project emphasizes rapid protocol adoption, having been among the first cryptocurrencies to activate SegWit and Taproot and to support Lightning Network transactions, enabling near-zero transaction fees described as subAtomic. Groestlcoin ships multi-platform wallets covering Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, Linux, ChromeOS, and web, targeting everyday peer-to-peer payments as well as developer and enthusiast use cases. The project operates on a quarterly major release cycle and is maintained by a volunteer team with no disclosed corporate HQ, functioning as a community-driven open-source chain.
Hashgraph is the engineering and support organization behind the core Hedera distributed ledger platform, providing the technical infrastructure that powers Hedera's public network. The company builds and maintains products including HashSphere (a private network built on Hedera technology), Hashio (a JSON-RPC relay service), HashioDAO (a DAO tooling platform on Hedera), NFT Studio, and HashScan (a block explorer). Its primary audience spans enterprises seeking permissioned or hybrid blockchain deployments and developers building decentralized applications on the Hedera network. Hashgraph sits at the intersection of traditional enterprise infrastructure and decentralized networks, with a focus on interoperability, tokenization, and privacy for financial services and supply chain use cases. Eric Piscini serves as CEO.
HashKey Chain is an Ethereum-compatible Layer 2 blockchain network built by HashKey Group, targeting enterprise and retail users with sub-cent transaction fees and sub-second finality. It positions itself as a regulated, trust-focused public blockchain leveraging HashKey Group's presence in Hong Kong's licensed crypto ecosystem. The chain supports real-world asset tokenization, as evidenced by its role in issuing Hong Kong's first regulated silver RWA token. Partners include OKX, Gate.io, DODO, Alchemy Pay, and Avalon Finance, reflecting a broad DeFi and payments ecosystem built on top of the chain.
Hemi Labs operates a Bitcoin-focused decentralized finance layer that enables the deployment of native BTC into yield-generating strategies without token wrapping or custody transfer. The protocol integrates Bitcoin security with Ethereum-compatible programmability, supporting on-chain execution of yield strategies while maintaining compliance and full asset ownership. The system is designed for institutional Bitcoin holders seeking regulated and transparent yield infrastructure. The platform architecture includes yield and DeFi products with transactions secured by Bitcoin consensus mechanisms.
Hive is a decentralized Layer 1 blockchain that originated from a fork of the Steem network in March 2020. The chain uses a Delegated Proof of Stake consensus mechanism in which elected block producers, called witnesses, validate transactions. The network operates with zero transaction fees and near-instant block confirmation times. Hive implements a dual-token system: HIVE functions as the native utility and governance token with staking capabilities, while HBD (Hive Backed Dollars) is an algorithmic stablecoin designed to maintain parity with the US dollar. The platform supports decentralized applications and communities across multiple categories, including blockchain-based games, social platforms, and content creation tools. The architecture is designed to serve developers, content creators, and users seeking a fee-free blockchain infrastructure.
Hydra Chain is a Layer 1 proof-of-stake blockchain protocol designed around a 0.5-second block finality target, positioning itself as competitive with Layer 2 scaling solutions in terms of transaction throughput. The chain operates its own native token, HYDRA, which is used for staking, governance via the Hydra DAO, and securing the network. Core infrastructure includes a DEX (HydraDex), a cross-chain bridge, a block explorer called Skynet, and a liquid staking derivative token called LYDRA that enables leveraged staking positions. The protocol is governed by a DAO structure and targets developers building decentralized applications, as well as retail users seeking staking yield. A scalability upgrade called Prometheus is listed as forthcoming.
ICB Network is a decentralized Layer 1 blockchain platform designed to support scalable decentralized applications. The network operates both mainnet and testnet environments. The system uses a native token (ICBX) and employs validator-based consensus mechanisms. The platform includes a payments product (ICBX Payments) and supports a decentralized applications ecosystem. ICB Labs operates as a subsidiary focused on developing metaverse and blockchain-based education applications deployed on the ICB chain. The native token is available on multiple cryptocurrency exchanges.
MIZUHIKI (formerly Japan Smart Chain) is a purpose-built Layer 1 blockchain designed as sovereign digital infrastructure for Japan, with all validator nodes hosted onshore in Japan. It targets JPY stablecoin issuance, domestic payments, and regulated digital-asset services, with built-in eKYC, decentralized identity (DID/VC), and a modular compliance suite. Partners include FamilyMart's digital arm, Tokyo Dome Corporation, Mizuho Bank, KDDI, Hakuhodo, GMO Z.com, and Animoca Brands, with backing from SBI Investment and Decima. The chain is Ethereum-equivalent and positions itself as infrastructure for financial institutions, fintech apps, DAOs, and loyalty/rewards programs operating under Japanese regulatory frameworks.
Kite Foundation is a non-profit entity that stewards the Kite network, a blockchain ecosystem oriented toward what it describes as the autonomous economy. The foundation oversees protocol governance, validator operations, and ecosystem development, with a Validator Program inviting qualified node operators to run validators, support decentralization, and earn protocol rewards. Its technical infrastructure includes an Ozone Testnet and a mainnet in development, with documentation and developer tooling hosted under the gokite.ai domain alongside a sister entity, Kite Labs. The foundation publishes a whitepaper and tokenomics documentation, indicating a native protocol token, and targets builders, ecosystem partners, and validator operators as its primary participants.
Kite AI is an EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain designed to support autonomous AI agent operations. The network implements a Proof of Attributed Intelligence (PoAI) consensus mechanism that allocates rewards to contributors of data, models, and agents. The architecture includes customizable subnets that enable specialized AI workflows and computational tasks. Core infrastructure components comprise cryptographic identity systems for agents (agent passports), programmable governance structures, and stablecoin-based payment mechanisms for machine-to-machine transactions.
LayerTwo Labs is a Bitcoin development firm dedicated to expanding the utility and scalability of the Bitcoin network. The organization’s primary objective is to integrate all blockchain-based financial activities into the Bitcoin ecosystem, effectively aiming to make every digital transaction a Bitcoin transaction. By providing a platform for innovation that does not compromise the security of the base layer, LayerTwo Labs seeks to position Bitcoin as the universal foundation for all decentralized applications and financial services.
LeisureMetaverse Foundation operates the LeisureMeta (LM) blockchain, a Layer-1 network designed to address performance limitations of existing chains through a hybrid consensus mechanism combining Tendermint and HotStuff BFT algorithms. The chain uses a mixed UTXO-Account data structure and Kademlia-plus-Bloom-filter-based networking to reduce latency bottlenecks, enabling nodes to participate without full blockchain synchronization via snapshot sync. It supports cross-chain bridging to Ethereum, BNB Chain, and other networks, and provides REST APIs and an SDK for DApp developers building within the LM ecosystem. The foundation also operates I LIKE LM, a Web3 creator-fandom community platform built on the chain, targeting content creators and fan communities seeking tokenized engagement tools.
Lightchain Protocol AI (LCAI) is a Layer-1 blockchain project integrating AI capabilities directly into its chain architecture. The project is currently in testnet phase, offering a block explorer (LightScan), a faucet, a DEX, a cross-chain bridge, and a browser-based IDE for smart contract deployment. Developers can access REST, GraphQL, and RPC APIs, and the project runs a grants program to fund builders on the network. The native token is LCAI, which has been the subject of presale activity and price speculation in crypto media coverage.
Locus Chain Foundation operates a decentralized public blockchain protocol engineered for high throughput and scalability. The protocol architecture is designed to reduce network bandwidth consumption to 5-10% of conventional blockchain implementations while maintaining a ledger size below 10 GB, enabling node operation on resource-constrained hardware including Raspberry Pi devices and IoT equipment. The system supports decentralized finance applications, non-fungible tokens, decentralized exchanges, and distributed business applications. The protocol includes a Testnet V2 implementation.
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